Ethics Professionalism and Governance Relations

Question: Discuss about the Ethics Professionalism and Governance Relations. Answer: Introduction Conflict of interest could take place at different levels starting from an individual and takes place in any organisation. It could happen internally within an organisation and in external community. Conflict of Interest is defined as the situation where the personal interest gets priority over the organisational benefit (Frederickson and Ghere 2013). Therefore, this type of conflicts taking place in the managerial level could result in gaining less competitive advantages for a company in a competitive market. Michael on taking the decision of giving the project to his best friend would help his friend, as he will get the best scope for his company. If Michael gives a chance to his friend, Australian Government would be hurt as the ERP projects needs more modification, which requires more costing. The best friend of IT manager will gain the benefits and the harm would be caused to the Australian government. As the government works for the citizen of the country the citizen will also be harmed because the modification of the software needed to be done is not cost effective. Analyze the Actions The analysis of the actions are based on Australian Computer Society has some of its updated Ethics and Code of Conduct. This includes: The priority given to the public interest: Public interest should be given priority over the personal relationship. ERP being important software in the business market, it should be selected in an appropriate manner (Weiss 2014). Since ERP is been implemented in a government sector no personal relationship should be given space to grow (Acs.org.au, 2017). As government is for the people, public interest should be considered first and the actions should be taken in that way. Enhancement of the Life Quality: ERP is the most competitive software developed by ICT expertise. Since Government is responsible for improving the quality of life of public therefore, ethical decisions that have the ability to harm public life should be avoided (Acs.org.au, 2017). Competence: The competency should be considered while selecting an ERP vendor. The best company should be selected so that the organisation has the scope to gain competitive advantages over the other company (Acs.org.au, 2017). Professional Development: The development that are been achieved by implementing ERP is high. The organisation could gain benefits if the application of ERP is high. Therefore, the manager should be taking every decision ethically and judgmentally correct (Acs.org.au, 2017). Make a Decision The above analysis and the code of conduct according to ACS CODE OF CONDUCT state that the Stakeholder must maintain his honesty towards the organisations. Honesty: The post like IT manager is an important stakeholder position and the employee given the charge of that position should takes decision that does not harm the trust and the position of the stakeholder (Acs.org.au, 2017). Professionalism: ACS is trying to improve the confidence of the public in Information Technology industry. Therefore, the stakeholders who are at important position should show their professionalism towards their position and take Ethical Decisions (Acs.org.au, 2017). The decision-making should be done on the above factors so that no harm is been caused to the citizens. The decision-making is one of the important step as the future of the organisations and the company depends on decision making. Recommendations The IT manger, Michael for protecting the public interest can overcome the personal selection. He should remember the oath of loyalty and duty he has taken for the public during joining. Therefore, he should not violate that for any personal interest. He should maintain his integrity and work for the utility of IT. He should not break the public trust. The automatic choice of company A should come first as it is cost effective and technically sound. The professionalism towards his position should be maintained (Parson 2016). He should not select company B prior to company A. He should convince his best friend that the personal relationship should not be intermixed with professional place and make him understand his responsibility for the stakeholder he bears. Conclusion The higher post of stakeholder faces many ethical dilemmas and to overcome those ethical issues they should analyze by the above rule and framework. If they are taking some unethical measures without analyzing the decisions it may harm the organisation as well as the citizens of the country if the organisation is in public sector. Reference List Acs.org.au.(2017). Search Results.[online] Availableat: https://www.acs.org.au/search.html?q=ethics [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Frederickson, H.G. and Ghere, R.K., 2013.Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe. Parsons, P.J., 2016.Ethics in public relations: A guide to best practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

LEGAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENT Essay Example

LEGAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENT Paper Making a judgment on effectiveness of international environmental protection General / law reform introductory statements: The growing interdependence of nation-states has led to greater international attempts to reduce impact of human interference with the environment on a global scale. Although much Federal and State legislation exist in Australia aimed at regulating domestic use of the environment, to date, the international community has largely been ineffective in regulating use of the environment. Ongoing law reform is required in order to meet global targets and ensure intra and inter generational equity, reform which to date has largely been ineffective particularly in response to increasing climate change and global warning concerns. Legal processes and legal institutions introductory statements: The effectiveness of domestic and international law in protecting the global environment is limited. Legal processes, such as international conventions and actions of Nags placing p ressure on domestic governments, and legal institutions such as the United Nations and International Court of Justice can act to protect the environment effectively. However, due to the notion of state-sovereignty there is a lack of legal enforcement that compromises protection of the environment for current and future generations. The concepts of intra-generational and inter-generation equity stipulate that both rent and future generations have a right to a clean environment. More frequent international conferences have attempted to achieve such sustainable developments, however little progress has been achieved. Increasing domestic laws have been enacted to better protect the fragility of our global environment. Due to sustained periods of economic growth and high polluting and energy- inefficient methods, our environment has been proven to be under immediate threat. We will write a custom essay sample on LEGAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENT specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on LEGAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENT specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on LEGAL STUDIES ENVIRONMENT specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer International law attempts ensure equity amongst nation states and ensure the protection of the global environment, however its effectiveness is limited by the interdependence and reliance on goodwill of nation states. Global problems (including global warming) and role of International Law also note problems – good faith, sovereignty, lack of enforceability. The broad concept of environment encompasses all aspects of natural and built environment. Law reform as both a domestic and international level is increasingly taking place in attempt to reduce the human impact on our fragile environment. Current environmental problems include global warming, loss of species, deforestation, air and water pollution. The basis of the international environmental law is focused on the concept of intergenerational equity – a concept which refers to notions of the worlds â€Å"common future?’ recognizing the obligation of each nation to maintain and preserve the environment so that it can be protected for current and future generations. It is the role of the law to regulate management of environmental resources by protecting and preventing excess or unnecessary exploitation by instating restrictive legislation, whilst balancing the consumptive needs of society. Despite increasing international awareness, the law remain largely ineffective tit little agreement between nations and heightened inequity between developing and developed nations. Developing countries such as China and India have had a minimal impact in causing global warming, compared to major consumers such as the LISA. However, as they are now experiencing rapid growth economically, they are being pressured to minimize grow th in the bid to alter the effects of climate change. As international law must be ratified into domestic principles and is largely reliant on the goodwill of sovereign states, protecting and regulating the environment is largely ineffective. Despite increasing pressure on the international community to prevent further environmental degradation, the nation of state sovereignty and the individual economic and political interests of nation states will continue to represent a barrier to widespread protection. Not all nations are bound to accept and ratify intentional agreements. As a result, enforceability of international environmental laws is difficult and hard to maintain. Other environmental problems which you may consider: deforestation, salivation of agricultural lands making them barren and unsuitable for crops, loss/endangered species, Stockholm and ROI Conferences Increasing awareness and discussion about environmental issues led to a series of key international conferences. The first major international conference in relation to the global environment was the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment. The aim was to establish a set of common guidelines for managing issues: pollution, deforestation and loss of threatened species. The Stockholm Declaration, of which 113 UN member states signed recognized state-sovereignty yet recognized the importance of joint cooperation and leadership in environmental protection. Although this legal process / law reform signified a major development of awareness, it had little effect as agreements reached were ‘soft law, which had no binding power on nation-states unless formally ratified, a process outside the control of the United Nations (ON). The most sign efficient achievement was the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programmer (UNEVEN). This establishment escalated attention paid to environment matters and encouraged domestic governments to enact specific environmental laws and legal processes to deal with environmental degradation. Significantly Uneven MIS recognized the inequity between nation states, and determined that developing countries should assist in ‘closing the gap’ between them and developing countries without compromising their standard of living. The first collective recognition of global environmental protection and signaled the importance of joint UN led legal invention. The ROI Conference (Earth Summit) was held in 1992, and covered growing issues absent in Stockholm. It attempted to create an Earth Charter, however this was unsuccessful due to a lack of consensus and funding between nation states. As a result of concussions in ROI, in which 125 nation were present, many nation States took further steps to enact domestic law aimed at protecting the environment. For example, the ‘precautionary principle’ discussed and agreed upon during the international meeting was ratified into Australian domestic law in the form of the provisions contained in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Act). To enforce environment protection laws, the legal institution – the Department of Environment and Conservation, previously known as the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) holds rower to investigate and prosecute offenders found in breach of domestic laws. The establishment of UNFROCK led to the increasingly greater awareness that nation states around the world must begin thinking about the impacts of climate change and implement policies and laws to reduce greenhouse gases and pollution of our environment. It discussed the issues of â€℠¢emissions trading’ and ‘carbon trading’. This was further discussed at the Kyoto Convention leading to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. Overall evaluation of the conferences: These conferences have largely proved significant in increasing awareness ND developing knowledge about environmental issues, however still present only the beginning Of legislative action. Kyoto and Copenhagen The long awaited drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 following the Kyoto Conference on Climate Change in 1997 has seen many nations act to lower emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in order to reduce the effects of global warming. The Protocol, which came into effect in February 2005 following signatures by many nations including UK, Canada and Russia developed the concept of carbon reduction targets. However the ineffectiveness of international law can be shown in the delays in many countries signing. This protocol did not receive acceptance everywhere as some of the heaviest polluters such as the US, China and India, and until Rude government election in late 2007, Australia has refused to sign. Much of the proposed law reform surrounding climate change requires participation in a complex system of emissions trading. However, proposed emission schemes remain complex and pose difficulties in terms of compliance, economic costs of supporting businesses in transition periods and ongoing lays in some nation states being willing to participate. It has been said for Australia to sufficiently protect the global environment they must pass a national emissions trading scheme, increase the renewable energy targets, re-assess transport systems and build sustainable cities. However, enforceability is difficult due to the reality of economic costs and job losses. Although under UNFED aims, climate change is regarded as a global problem, issues exist for developing countries like China and India who will suffer economic disadvantage and find it difficult to meet targets whilst maintaining a animal level of economic growth. As this protocol runs out in 2012, The Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change 2009 will aim to create a new climate protocol to replace it, however lack of agreement between countries remains an barrier to cohesive international law reform. State sovereignty exists to limit the role and power of the UN to demand comprehensive agreement. ICC and Tribunals Upon the establishment of the environmental chamber of the International Court of Justice in 1 993, legal processes were developed that allow for conflict resolution between nation-states. The ICC aims to settle disputes teens nations and uphold the notion of inter-dependence – the belief that all countries have a duty to protect Other States. For example, in the case Of united States v. Canada (1941), action was taken in response to issues of turnarounds pollution where the US claimed that toxic sulfur dioxide was traveling from Canada causing damage, pollution, health risks. The legal institution established to hear the matter found in favor of the US where is was stated that ‘a state has a duty to protect other states against injurious acts by individuals within its own jurisdiction’. However, despite having jurisdiction to resolve disputes between nation states, the ICC remains largely ineffective. Cases heard remain complex and difficult to resolve, particularly when consent of both parties is required prior and during proceedings. Only nation states can be party to proceedings meaning that individuals and/or transnational companies escape international prosecution. Participation in proceedings remains voluntary and if agreed to may damage already touchy relationships between nation states as was the results of legal action between Australia and France in relation to Pacific nuclear testing in early sass. Orders made rely upon the goodwill of nations in terms of enforcement and regulation. An example of the ineffectiveness of this legal institution in resolving global disputes can be seen in recent claims made by the Australian government against Japan in an attempt to stop illegal whaling and loss of marine species. With no recognition and/or cooperation from Japan, the Australian government is yet to access the services of the ICC and to date no action has been taken. It is suggested that law reform be introduced to ensure that ICC decisions are inning and parties be compelled to attend a hearing to ensure global collective rights too clean environment. Much criticism against the ICC has come from Greenback and other Nags who feel disadvantaged in relation to issues of the environment and request rights to refer matters to ICC for legal sanctions. There are various other international tribunals that may here environmental cases, such the International Law Commission, and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. These aim to develop, draft, and codify unwritten international law No’s and Media Non-governmental organizations and the media play an integral role in the generating awareness and applying pressure on governments to reform the law in response to issues such as climate change. No’s include voluntary groups of individuals with common interests, or regional organizations covering masses of land, made up of nations com ing together in agreement or discussion. Nags have a difficult task in particularly in legal development as international law does not recognize the sights of Nags to participate in treaties and they have no jurisdiction to appear formally before international tribunals. They do however play an importance role by applying political pressure on authoritative bodies to take action, informing the global public about infringements of rights and environmental concerns and providing opportunity for involvement. Greenback and the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WFM) are the most significant environmental No’s. Greenback concentrates on lobbying governments for action, generating global awareness, and active protest against environmental injustices such as whaling, disposal of toxic waste, and nuclear testing. Nags can prompt significant law reform as has been the exult of protest action by Greenback which led to international treaties limiting whaling, fishing and loss of marine life. MONGO action has also seen the naming and protection of World Heritage Sites (e. G. Great Barrier Reef). The action of No’s proved the turning point in the establishment of the 1 989 the Wellington Convention for the Prohibition on fishing with long Drift Nets in the South Pacific was adopted, creating a large driftnet-free zone in the Pacific Ocean. The media also plays a key role in management of the environment. Environmental groups use media to raise awareness about environmental once and the media reports on matters that otherwise would go biblically unnoticed without coverage. For example, when new littering laws were introduced in New South Wales, the media endorsed the campaign: â€Å"Litter: its in your hands†. The SMS article ‘Toxic Metals Threat’ June 2009 is just one instance of environmental concern addressed in the media which deprecates use of delta electricity due to high rates of dangerous chemical pollution. Due to the continued industrialization and development of the human world, there has been major repercussions for the environment. CA emissions rose n 1990-2000 by 25% and the hole in the ozone layer is becoming a â€Å"catastrophic disaster’ (SMS 6/9/07). Some have said that the issues of climate change and carbon emissions are being ignored because â€Å"we are all too bored to do anything about it† (SMS March 2009). The role of the media in raising awareness is a major one. Advertisement campaigns and articles highlight facts and realities that society is all too willing to ignore. Initiatives such as Earth Hour and Clean-up Australia Day are national and global campaigns that show the effectiveness of non-legal mechanisms in raising wariness about the global environment. Australia Although there is no direct reference to the environment under the Constitution, the Federal Parliament has the ability under the ‘external affairs’ power to legislative protecting the environment. The election of a new Labor government under Rude has seen renewed attention and funding given to environmental problems, particularly climate change. There are 150 separate Federal and State laws dealing with the identification and prevention of problems. The Australian Federal Parliament has regularly responded to ratify and selective much international agreements into our domestic law. The Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conversation Act 1 999 (Act) acts as the central piece of environmental legislation providing a framework to protect and manage flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places which are regarded as matters of national significance. It also incorporates international principles including the precautionary principle and intergenerational equity into our domestic legal systems. Much domestic environmental legislation operates at a State level. The Clean Air Act 1961 and Clean Water Act 1 970 which have addressed lose matters of resource protection. The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NEWS) is a more recent and specific document that governs the strategic planning and development processes undertaken by government in NEWS which is therefore more effective. The issue of climate change has been addressed in Australia, particularly by the Department Of Environment and Climate Change (DECK) which aims to respond to issues and reform sustainable management of land and water resources and implement further targets to the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme. However delays in achieving political agreement on the terms and practical operation of a national carbon emissions scheme is shown through ongoing delays in securing bipartisan support (this is support of both Labor and Liberal governments) for the new Bill. Discussion has now been postponed until early 201 0 until after Copenhagen Conference where it is expected that Australia will participate, however no definite promises have been made to date. SMS article – ‘Carbon bill burns as Rude fiddles’ May 2009. Section 123 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1 979 NEWS enables ‘anyone with an interest to gain ‘locus stands’ over environmental matters. This was highlighted by the case Schlock v. Iron Gate Ltd and Richmond River Shire Council (1997) where No’s commenced successful legal proceedings against a man whom acted on breach of illegal clear-felling of trees and illegal destruction of bushman habitat. This case furthermore illustrates an effective response by the legal system to provide accessibility to individuals to enable them to participate in having environmental laws enforced thus protecting the environment for current and future generations. As well as the UN-cooperation of specific internal laws, Australia has domestic legislation under the Land and Environment Court, an institution established under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1 979 (NEWS). It states that â€Å"any person can bring proceedings†. This highlights the fact that legal processes are established and readily available in Australia, however economic costs are high. The Court has set strong precedents to deter environmental damage. The case of EPA v Gardner (1997) saw the first environmental offender punished with a custodial sentence after Gardner as found guilty of pumping sewage into a natural lake to avoid fees. The cases of EPA v Alex (2005) and EPA v Weight (2001 ) reveal further action by the Court to prosecute offenders by issuing heavy fines – page 66 Resource Book for more details.

Jimmy Carter Essay Sample

Jimmy Carter Essay SampleThis is the Jimmy Carter essay sample that you will be using to help you with your English Language Arts test, this essay test is based on a sentence used by the President. It will help you learn how to write, which is how to make a good essay.The Jimmy Carter essay is the 'true value' of the essay, as he said in the sentence below. The Jimmy Carter essay includes some different points, and one of them is to use a certain key words and phrases to begin an essay.By using these key words and phrases to begin an essay, you will be able to make a sound argument and you will not have to waste any time writing an essay. This is called the Carter Power of Presentation. This essay includes both your last name and the word 'Old'.The Jimmy Carter essay is one of the many essay sample in the SAT Practice Test, this is why you should use this type of sample essay, as the sentence below. This is a good one for new SAT students who want to learn how to write an essay. This is also one of the better essay samples.As we talked about earlier, this essay is very good for new SAT students to learn how to write a powerful essay, because Jimmy Carter put it there. You can also find many essay examples in the essays section in the SAT Practice Test.It is best to learn how to write an effective essay, as there are plenty of essays in the SAT Practice Test, and all you have to do is to copy them and change a few words, this is also very easy to do. The Jimmy Carter essay sample contains some basic information, and this is a very good lesson for a new SAT student. It includes a sentence, and this is how Jimmy Carter used his power of presentation.This will help you develop yourself as a better writer, so that you will be able to apply what you have learned to write more compelling and easier essays, and it will help you become more confident in yourself. It is always a good idea to apply what you have learned to your essays.

Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Essay Example

Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Essay Example Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Paper Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Paper Women and Crime is written by Frances Heidensohn. The book was published by Macmillan Press LTD and it is the second edition. The main themes in the book are about how women are treated when they commit crime. The book looks at what crimes women commit and how they feel. It studies how the criminal justice and the penal system treat women offenders. It also analyses the deviant image of women and their experiences. The book examines social theories and traditional criminology. As well as exploring modern theories and feminist criminology. The criminal justice chapter tells us that very few women commit crime and there are small numbers who go to prison. Women commit petty crime such as shoplifting and do not really get caught, if they do it is a small number. This is because the role of a woman in society today does not come under committing crime so people pay less attention to women then men when crime is involved. The chapter about images of deviant women is very interesting, this is because it does not look at petty crime which, the reader would expect it to. Instead looks at more serious crime that are committed by women. It looks at crime such as murder like Lizzie Borden who was tried and acquitted of hacking to death her father and her step mother in 1893. Also Mary Ann Cotton convicted of murdering her step son in March 1873. Also moors murders, Myra Hindley who gained a lot publicity from the media because she was a woman who committed murders of young children. This is not expected of a woman because women are protectors of young children. So for example a mother who should look after young children and tell them what is right and wrong and guides them through out life. Not someone who should take life. Feminist criminology says that women crimes were invisible because there was such a small number. Women are also placed in a big stereotype of being in the home and bring up the children. The book also mentions moral panics about women crimes, a good example of this is witchcraft that was amplified because it was women who were doing it and in our society that is not the acceptable role of women. When looking at womens crime prostitution is a big category because it is not morally accepted in society so it is wrong even though people do not look at the economical side of prostitution for most women. In general most women are convicted for prostitution. Another aspect of the book is that of social control and the structure of society. Womens role in society, which has already been mentioned, is to look after the children and take care of the home. There has always been restriction on women because of men making the rules. If children are deviant the mothers always get the blame. Also women carry a double burden of two roles and they gain very little or no help form their husbands or partners. For children women play a significant part in social order in society. The book examines all the stereotypes about women, which are made by society that we live in with regard to crime. The book is everything you need to know about women and crime. It tells you every thing about the law to women experiences. The second chapter of the book is very interesting and has used research of other people very well. It also has extracts from letters about womens experiences that makes it interesting to read, so it uses real life examples. The book also had subheadings within chapters so it is easy to refer to a particular part of the book. The book is for academic readers and not for general reading so it is perfect for a student who is studying women and crime. The layout of the book is excellent because it is easy to refer to some thing like a quote in the book. The book has quotes from other people works and it explains them very well and you know which criminologist said what and what they meant by it. The language of the book is a bit complex and boring. . The language is appropriate to the audience. It uses Standard English so that everyone can understand it. The reader has to read some part of the book again in order to understand it. So it is a heavy book to understand overall. The book has 11 chapters and it has a look of evidence and quotes from other sociologist and criminologist which the author refers to when making a point about women and crime. A disadvantage of the book is that there is too much information in each chapter and it is hard to understand everything that is written. The text size is 12 this is what most people use and is comfortable with. If the writing was bigger then people may think it does not cover the relevant points or if the writing was too small it may put some people off from reading it because it would not be user friendly. However the way the book is set out it is user friendly. The authors extract and quotes are very useful because they demonstrate the points that are made which, also keep you interested in reading it. The text of the book flows well and makes sense. So it is in a logical order. The author look at prostitution a lot and serious crime it does not have much about petty crime which most women are convicted for. This is another disadvantage. The book also is well set out and you know who said what and where the quotes have came from. It also use statistic to illustrate point which are being made and it make it easy to compare men and women in crime they commit. The book also looks at the history of women and crime and how things have changed which makes it easier for the reader to understand what has changed and what is the same. However the book does not compare womens and mens crime so you can not really see how the two genders are treated for the same crimes. Although the book does mention women as victims of crimes but need to go in to depth more. The book does meet it aims which are set so it fulfils the purpose of the book. The book has two additions, the first edition has 10 chapters in it and the second edition has 11. This is because the book has been updated. The second edition also women as victims and what have changed and what has not. The first edition does not look at women as victims so again this is another advantage for the second edition. The book Women and Crime does not actually bring anything new about women committing crime because we already know that women commit less offence then men and most of the offence committed by women are invisible because there is such a small number. However the book does state that a lot more research needs to be done in this area, which is said by feminist criminology. Although the book does consolidate all the information we already know, so it is easier to access, which is helpful. The author does achieve it aims because it tells you all the information about women and crime and the book is good for students studying women and crime. The book is very detailed and there is a lot of information with evidence about women and crime. It is also very slow. At the beginning of the book there are a list of aims which the book meet through out. Each aim that is made in the introduction has been give a lot of detail about it and is usually give a whole chapter on it. In the conclusion the author again tells us what the aims were and how they were meet. The conclusion in the book is well written and summarises what was in the book. So the conclusion is very convincing about the themes which are in the text. The author also hits its target audience which are student and academics who are studying women and crime and has all the relevant information in one book which is very useful to student because it save them time find information from other books. Most students like to use only one book so it is a perfect student text to have. Also the book points out that there is no book called men and crime because all the book about crime have a lot of information about men committing crime and do not really mention women and crime. The book also raises a lot of question that most people would not ask and answers them well. So in conclusion the book overall is a very good student hand book for anyone studying women and crime. It has all the information and more. It contains all the evidence that you need to look for and the work of other criminologist. However the book is a heavy read and you need to concentrate when reading it. So you may need to read it again in order to gain all the information that you need.

Exploring the Earths Four Spheres

Exploring the Earth's Four Spheres The area near the surface of the earth can be divided into four interconnected spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Think of them as four interconnected parts that make up a complete system, in this case, of life on earth. Environmental scientists  use this system to classify and study the organic and inorganic materials found on the planet. The Lithosphere The lithosphere, sometimes called the geosphere, refers to all of the rocks of the earth. It includes the planets mantle and crust, the two outermost layers. The boulders of Mount Everest, the sand of Miami Beach and the lava erupting from Hawaiis Mount  Kilauea  are all components of the lithosphere. The actual thickness of the lithosphere varies considerably and can range from roughly 40 km to 280 km. The lithosphere ends at the point when the minerals in the earths crust begin to demonstrate viscous and fluid behaviors. The exact depth at which this happens depends on the chemical composition of the earth, and the heat and pressure acting upon the material. The lithosphere is divided into 15 tectonic plates that fit together around the earth like a jagged puzzle:  African, Antarctic,  Arabian, Australian, Caribbean, Cocos,  Eurasian,  Indian, Juan de Fuca, Nazca, North American,  Pacific,  Philippine, Scotia, and South American. These plates arent fixed; theyre slowly moving. The friction created when these tectonic plates push against one another causes earthquakes, volcanoes and the formation of mountains and ocean trenches. The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is composed of all of the water on or near the planets  surface. This includes oceans, rivers, and lakes, as well as underground aquifers and the moisture in the atmosphere. Scientists estimate the total amount at more than 1,300 million cubic feet. More than 97 percent of the earths water is found in its oceans. The remainder is freshwater, two-thirds of which is frozen within the earths polar regions and mountain snowpacks. Its interesting to note that even though water covers the majority of the planets surface, water accounts for a mere 0.023 percent of the earths total mass.   The planets water doesnt exist in a static environment, it changes form as it moves through the hydrological cycle. It falls to the earth in the form of rain, seeps into underground aquifers, rises to the surface from springs or seeps from porous rock, and flows from small streams into larger rivers that empty into lakes, seas, and oceans, where some of it evaporates into the atmosphere to begin the cycle anew.   The Biosphere The biosphere is composed of all living organisms: plants, animals and one-celled organisms alike. Most of the planets terrestrial life is found in a zone that stretches from 3 meters below ground to 30 meters above it. In the oceans and seas, most aquatic life inhabits a zone that stretches from the surface to about 200 meters below. But some creatures can live far outside of these ranges: some birds are known to fly as high as 8 kilometers above the earth, while some fish have been found as deep as 8 kilometers beneath the ocean surface. Microorganisms are known to survive well beyond even these ranges. The biosphere is made up of biomes, which are areas where plants and animals of a similar nature can be found together. A desert, with its cactus, sand, and lizards, is one example of a biome. A coral reef is another. The Atmosphere The atmosphere is the body of gasses that surrounds our planet, held in place by earths gravity. Most of our atmosphere is located close to the earths surface where it is most dense. The air of our planet is 79 percent nitrogen and just under 21 percent oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace gasses. The atmosphere itself rises to about 10,000 km in height and is divided into four zones. The troposphere, where about three-quarters of all atmospheric mass can be found, stretches from about 6 km above the earths surface to 20 km. Beyond this lies the stratosphere, which rises to 50 km above the planet. Next comes the mesosphere, which extends to about 85 km above the earths surface. The thermosphere rises to about 690 km above the earth, then finally the exosphere. Beyond the exosphere lies outer space. Conclusion All four spheres can be and often are present in a single location. For example, a piece of soil will contain minerals from the lithosphere. Additionally, there will be elements of the hydrosphere present as moisture within the soil, the biosphere as insects and plants, and even the atmosphere as pockets of air between soil pieces. The complete system is what makes up life as we know it on Earth.

Scenario Analysis - Filling you toolbox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scenario Analysis - Filling you toolbox - Essay Example In the workplace worries scenario illustrated in this paper, I can use the problem solving tool as discussed by Hicks (2010). Hicks discusses that there are seven steps in resolving issues in the workplace. The first step is on identifying the issues – to clearly identify what the problem is, while noting that different people may have different views on what the actual issues are (Hicks, 2010). In applying this step to the current issue, I need to identify the actual issue in this scenario. The way I see it, the issue is about the uneven distribution in workload. The low pay and the heavy workload in the nursing profession is already an identified given in the current health care practice. My role as a manager would now be geared towards using the tools I currently have in order to ensure the effective running of the paediatric care unit. Short of increasing the salary of the nurses and addressing the nationwide nursing shortage problem, the only means left in my arsenal are the solutions which are within my power and authority to effectively and realistically implement. By identifying the problem as improper work distribution in the paediatric unit, I am able to set it apart from the other problems which nurses perceive as their issues. The next step in the problem-solving process is to understand everyone’s interests. These interests are the needs which I would like to satisfy based on any given solution; in some cases, we often get do not take notice of our genuine interests because we have become obsessed or fixated with one particular solution (Hicks, 2010). It is important to note that the best solution which can be applied is one which would satisfy everyone’s individual interests and in order to come up with the best solution, the manager and the subordinates need to actively listen to each other, to put aside their differences, and to find a common ground which would satisfy all their needs (Hicks, 2010). In this case, my

Risk assessment for non-profit hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk assessment for non-profit hospital - Essay Example Generally, non-profit organizations do not perform risk assessments mainly due to insufficiency of funds. Since non-profit organizations have only limited sources to raise funds, they would find difficulties in their day to day operations if they allot money for risk assessment program. This paper will particularly perform a risk assessment for non-profit hospitals and discuss various aspects related to the issue. Importance of Hospital Data Hospital data may include a pool of documents including inpatient data, outpatient data, pricing data, hospital room rates, hospital financial data, patient case sheets, medicine stock data, medicine details, length of patient stay and discharge data, staff data, and other administrative and strategic documents. Evidently, hospital data have considerable significance on a healthcare environment because they play an inevitable role in promoting quality care and patient safety. According to the Hospital Data Project, â€Å"hospital data are now re quired to serve a variety of purposes including supporting activity monitoring, performance measurement, casemix-based funding, service planning, and epidemiological analysis† (HDP, 2003). ... In the view of Sorgente, Fernandez, and Petrie (n.d.), past patient treatment records are necessary for hospitals to give immediate and quality care to patients in future visits. In addition, staff data are very crucial to facilitate better distribution of duties and responsibilities among the hospital staff, particularly nurses. Therefore, it is extremely important to keep the hospital data secure and unreachable to unauthorized parties. If the data are improper or unsecure, they would be accessible to external people and this situation would adversely affect the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data. To illustrate, when the hospital data are lost due to network attacks or any other reason, the hospital management cannot obtain access to past patient case records and medicine stock details whenever needed. Undoubtedly, this situation would reduce the quality of the care and hence challenge the patient safety. Likewise, some important data like diagnosis reports and ot her patient/disease detail would lose their confidentiality once the hospital data become unsecured. Under such circumstances, the victims (patients) may file lawsuits against the hospital. Finally, the authorities concerned cannot the ensure integrity of hospital data if those data are prone to unauthorized access. According to a report by UC Davis Health System, cancelled operations, false or delayed test results, and poor quality patient can be the direct implications of unsecure hospital databases. Kinds of Attacks Malware attack is likely to threaten a hospital database. Experts suggest that hospital databases are under the threat of malware attacks. Hackers try to access hospital data and thus manipulate hospital records. Such attacks can cause dreadful harms to