LSD AND THE CIA :: essays research papers

LSD was invented in Switzerland by Albert Hofmann, a researcher for Sandoz pharmaceuticals. It did not spontaneously appear among the youth of the Western world as a gift from the God of Gettin’ High. The CIA was on to acid long before the flower children. So, for that matter, were upstanding citizens like Time-Life magnate Henry Luce and his wife, Clare Boothe Luce, who openly sang the praises of their magical mystery tours during the early sixties. Henry, a staunch conservative with close connections to the CIA, once dropped acid on the golf course and then claimed he had enjoyed a little chat with God. While the cognoscenti had the benefit of tuned-in physicians, other psychedelic pioneers took their first trips as part of CIA-controlled research studies. At least one person committed suicide after becoming an unwitting subject of a CIA LSD test, crashing through a highstory plate-glass window in a New York hotel as his Agency guardian watched. (Or perhaps the guardian did more than watch. In June 1994 the victim’s family had his thirty-year-old corpse exhumed to check for signs that he may have been thrown out that window.) Numerous others lost their grip on reality. MK-ULTRA was the code name the CIA used for its program directed at gaining control over human behavior through â€Å"covert use of chemical and biological materials,† as proposed by Richard Helms. The name itself was a variation on ULTRA, the U.S. intelligence program behind Nazi lines in World War 11, of which the CIA's veteran spies were justly proud. Helms later became CIA director and gained a measure of notoriety for his 'Watergate "lying to Congress" conviction and a touch of immortality in Thomas Powers's aptly named biography, The Man Who Kept the Secrets. Helms founded the MK-ULTRA program and justified its notably unethical aspects with the rationale, â€Å"We are not Boy Scouts.† At the time, the spook scientists suspected that LSD had the potential to reprogram the human personality. In retrospect, they were probably right-Timothy Leary spoke in similar terms, though he saw unlimited potential for self-improvement in this â€Å"reprogramming.

Global Perspective on Health Policy Essay

The controversial issue of healthcare coverage for all individuals is an ethical and moral issue that Americans struggle with and as socially proactive as they are on there are many issues arising of it. Healthcare is not only about health and coverage but the major issue is about funding, what can be funded and what cannot be funded and how is going to be funded. Universal healthcare in other countries offers insight into some of the biggest issues and best alternatives for providing healthcare to all and to resolve the health care rising cost. The ethical issue of health care has led to the Accountable Care Act or Obama Care policy development and legislation. More time, data and research has to be done before the definite results of this legislation can be proven. A controversial issue Considering the opposing views about Accountable Care Act legislation, it’s reasonable to understand why universal health care has elicit such a heated political controversy among political parties as well as throughout American people. Unlike other Western industrialized nations, the U.S. has not established a universal health care system. Since health care is a fundamental defining policy of the modern state, and since Obama’s health care reform can be seen as an expansion of the role of government, it can be analyzed in a global context (Ha, 2012). The issue of health care reform brings important ethical issues of justice to the forefront, as individuals, communities, and the legislature struggle with how to provide quality health care for the many without sacrificing the basic rights of even the few (Sorrel, 2012). Policy’s creation The divide on health care coverage, cost and sustainability for all Americans and the increased cost of health care in United States led to legislations being brought to seek out a solution to the issue. The American Recovery and  Reinvestment Act was the first of these laws, this act signed into law in 2009 by President Obama. The Preservation of Access to Care for Medicare Beneficiaries and Pension Relief Act was also signed into law. Also enacted and accompanied by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act. Another legislation that became a law in 2010 is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Patel, 2013). Provisions in the act are designed to expand insurance coverage, control costs, and target prevention (Gable, 2011). One of the primary targets is adults aged 19-64, since their access to health care and use of health services deteriorated between 2000 and 2010, particularly among those who were uninsured (Kenney, McMorrow, Zuckerman, & Goin, 2012). The PPACA includes reforms such as prohibiting insurers from denying coverage for pre-existing conditions, expanding Medicaid eligibility, subsidizing insurance premiums, and providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits. Insurance companies will no longer be able to drop clients when they become ill. The act has the potential to improve health outcomes across all income and age groups at a reduced cost (Sorrel, 2012). Steps in the state and federal policy development process. The steps of the development process focus in the four â€Å"pillars† of health reform: improving the quality of care, making health insurance affordable, supporting personal responsibility, and developing a sustainable approach to health care financing. This platform will help focus the initiative to tackle the growing costs of health care while preserving the highest quality of care for all Americans and avoiding cost-shifting wherever possible (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2013). Many ACA provisions went into effect immediately or soon after the health reform law was enacted in 2010; others are being phased in over time. Several major reforms, including the Medicaid expansion, insurance exchanges, and minimum coverage provision (â€Å"individual mandate†) will go into effect in 2014, and still others will go into effect later. APHA recommends several great resources for tracking state progress on creating health insurance exchanges, funding states have received through various ACA provisions, and states’ intentions regarding the Medicaid expansion, and other topics (APHA, 2010). Policy development vs implementation. Policy development starts with knowing what the problem is and how the policy will improve the issue. So the importance of analyzing the data about the problem needing fixed. When writing the policy provide the opportunity for the input of the policy makers to suggest changes which provides different viewpoints. To present the policy to the committees for approval or changes as needed. Policy Implementation is ready to start with a timetable of how the implementing of the policy and briefing the States. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act is an enormous administrative challenge, and many details of its implementation are still developed by the Department of Health and Human Services (Wann, 2013). Policy development starts from the moment the public, the legislature think there is an issue and a solution is needed. The ACA development started many years ago back in the 90s when the Clinton administration specifically Hillary Clinton supported the creation of a Universal Health C are system, that laid the foundation on which ACA started to gather the issues and started to research possible solutions. The issues was brought by the public to the press, to the meetings and hearings during the elections campaign and started to gather strength and support on President Obama challenge not only the American people, but the entire Congress to bring out to the negotiations idea on how to increase access to care while reducing cost. The ACA legislation development follows several tenets as the building block in which the legislation was written and develop on, Quality affordable health care for all Americans, the role of public programs, Improving the quality and efficiency of health care, prevention of chronic disease and improving public health, Health care workforce, Transparency and program integrity, Improving access to innovative medical therapies, Community living assistance services and supports and Revenue provisions (Democrat Senate, 2004). The implementation process of the legislation follows the same tenet but there is not planning and changing is the plan drafted and written how each steps will be attained and when and lastly the evaluation of the development and the implementation and sitting back in the drafting table to fix any encountered issues. The development and implementation phases of the legislation cannot be seen as two different path but rather as a process of two collaboration between the two parts using the same foundation to build.  To summarize the differences between development and implementation would be that the developments of the policy consist of the idea to the final written policy. The implementation of the policy is the start of putting the policy in action. Stakeholder’s involvement The stakeholders became involved with the affordable care act because even though this was controversial many believed that the needs were far greater than the issue and some changes were needed. Stakeholders for this legislation is the entire country of United States as the affected party, the health care providers, the legislators, the President of United States. In health care, the overarching goal for providers, as well as for every other stakeholder, must be improving value for patients, where value is defined as the health outcomes achieved that matter to patients relative to the cost of achieving those outcomes. Improving value requires either improving one or more outcomes without raising costs or lowering costs without compromising outcomes, or both. Failure to improve value means, well, failure (Porter, Lee, 2013). Stakeholders are heard during the elections periods where the issues to be discussed should and have to be of interest to the public to be added to the political platform. The press plays an important role on serving as the echo or the microphone to put the issues that are important for the American people. The Health care providers were a major force on the legislation development as their input from a business standpoint played major role on discussing areas that were part of the problem as well as area that needed to stay the same and it also serve as another voice of the public on such a controversial issue. Congress as a stake holder not only play a vital role on policy development and drafting but was the starting point of bringing the issue to the front and placed it in the agenda to be discussed and heard and last the President and its executive branch as the approval seal to the developed policy. In summary the Affordable Care Act has pique the interest not only as a national issue but a global one. Like any policy development the issues have to discuss by the stakeholders representing health care and each and every one has a specific interest in the issue to be solve. References American Public Health Association, (2014), ACA Implementation. Retrieved August 4, 2014 from http://www.apha.org/advocacy/Health+Reform/implementation/ Bipartisan Policy Center, (2013). Managing Costs, Preserving Care: Health Care Cost Containment Report Release. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http://bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/health-care-cost-containment-initiative Patel, K. Parker, R. Villaruel, A.Wong,W (2013). Amplifying the Voice of the Underserved in the Implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http://www.iom.edu/Global/Perspectives/2013/AmplifyingTheVoice Ha, J. (2012). Health Care Reform vs ObamaCare: Partisan framing of FOX, MSNBC, NYT snd WSJ. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http://gnovisjournal.org/2012/11/30/health-care-reform-vs-obamacare-partisan-framing-of-fox-msnbc-yt-and-wsj/ Porter, M. E. (2013), The Strategy that will fix health care. Harvard Business Review, Retrieved On August 4th, 2014 from http://hbr.org/2013/10/the-strategy-that-will-fix-health-care Sorell, M. J. (2012), Patient Protec tion and Affordable Care Act: Ethical Perspectives. Retrieved on August 4th, 2014 from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/Columns/Ethics/Patient-Protection-and-Affordable-Care-Act-Ethical-Perspectives.html

Positive functions for society Essay

The family was once described as a social group that shared common residence, consisted of at least two adults of each sex that maintained a socially approved sexual relationship and had one or more children, their own or adopted. This is a nuclear family, described by George Murdoch to be a universal family type. Although it is correct to say that nuclear families reside universally, family types now vary from single-parent families to gay headed families. Despite the variety, they contribute to the society, in ways that can be positive and negative too. Many sociologists differ in their views as to whether the family is positive to the society or not- functionalists believe that the family has positive functions that contribute positively to the society but it has to be said that functionalists tend to ignore negative aspects of the family such as the ‘dark side’, which consists of all that makes the family a negative experience for its members. Nevertheless there are sociologists that focus on only the negative aspects, such as, radical psychiatrists, radical feminists and Marxists. The new right theory has faith that family is a positive function of the society, however new rights only refer to nuclear families, as they believe that any other family type is inferior. Functionalism is a consensus theory which looks at society positively. Functionalists often make an organic analogy, as a human body is maintained by the functions of each part of a body, keeping it alive and healthy, similarly, and society is kept going by its institutions- family being one of the institutions which function to sustain the well-being of society. It is recognised by functionalists that families change themselves over time for the sake of adapting to society, an exemplar would be leading functionalist Emile Durkheim who strongly believed that family was the most important institution of society. Durkheim believed that family positively functioned for both individuals and society. The family, he believed, is the institution that offers its members emotional support, stability and gives them their identity as primary socialisers, and to an extent, teaches them how they should act toward the rest of society. Thus he proves that they perform a positive function to society too, as they provide fundamental social order and stability, which helps to prevent the society from becoming disordered. Talcott Parson’s was a functionalist who analysed the families  from a modern perspective and came to a conclusion that although families have less functions, as they are provided with help from outside agencies, they still perform two important functions which determine the actions within a society. These two functions focus on individuals- the first being the socialisation of children primarily, into the responsible, committed individuals that society can benefit from and the second is the stabilisation of adult personalities, as he stated that it was family who help ease away tensions of the modern world, particularly for male workers. He also believed that these functions were best found in nuclear families, where the clear sexual division in labour enabled wives to partake an expressive role while men held an instrumental role. However, there are functionalists like Fletcher who believe that family has not decreased their functions, he explains how the family do not just perform the apparent obvious functions of primary socialisation, social control and reproduction but they also play a role in providing basic education and support through school life and they still have an economic function because they provide support to their non-working members, whether they are un-fit to work, ill or unemployed and ultimately, family supplies the whole economy with workers. The functionalism theory sheds light on the positive aspects of family life which all contribute to the society positively. Each functionalist has consistently mentioned a vital performance that families partake- the primary socialisation of children. During this stage a child learns about his/her culture and is most likely to be taught the norms and values of their society. Primary socialisation is a vital performance which is done by the family, as a child is expected to have acknowledgement of the norms and values in order to adjust with the society they live in. Although the functionalist theory does not look at the negative aspects of the family there are others that do. It can only be assumed that the functionalist view was patriarchal- the belief that men are dominate. This assumption is only representative of Parson as he introduced the warm bath theory, whereby he suggested that it was men that had a hard day at work and their wives (women) stayed at home and made them feel better when the husbands came home. Radical feminists are those who focus on this discrimination and have firm belief that the world is wrongly dominated by  men. They believe that patriarchal ideology gives women a perception that motherhood is their natural role whereas it actually keeps women subservient to men. They express how women have at least a dual role but most have a ‘triple burden’ which consists of the roles of a paid worker, a mother and a housewife. The Marxist theory characterises the society as being one that exploits and subordinates the working class. They argue that the family only benefits capitalists as they produce the working class, teach their children to accept capitalist values when primarily socialising them, which are to hard work, accepting and respecting authority, and it is the family that makes their members feel that capitalism is the norm. Radical psychiatrists on the other hand, argue that the family as a whole is a deception. Clinical evidence proves that families suffer exploitation, oppression and a negative experience. The modern family is so ‘independent’ that it leads to emotional stress between the members. They disagree with functionalists and say that families actually spend too much time trying to please others by doing what they are expected to do, which prevents them from having autonomy. Thus if someone did something wrong it would lead to shame, guilt and repression. This leads to the’ dark side’ to a family which includes abuse to children and domestic violence to both men and women. Child abuse consists of, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. A CPS report showed that five to six children died each day in 2001 due to child abuse or neglect. Approximately 84% of the children were abused by their parents and mothers alone were responsible for 47% of the neglect and 32% of the abuse. Domestic violence is also increasing the UK’s crime rate and accounts for a quarter of the murders in the UK. Domestic violence is all the violence that occurs between partners. Not only does it account for physical violence but sexual and emotional abuse too. Although it is considered a crime against women because they are twice as likely to be threatened and injured, men are also violated against- a study conducted at the Leicester Infirmary in 1992 concluded that equal numbers of men and women were being assaulted at home and that men received more serious injuries, losing consciousness more often than women. It may be so that the family as individuals may be affected more if they suffer these negative experiences however, it may also affect the society because one’s participation to society will become effortless regardless of the way they contribute, for examples if they are a student,  they will not work hard, if they are a worker, they will be less. Nevertheless there are 400 refuges around the UK and any help lines to support those that are suffering. There are different views of the family that that highlight how they function in society and towards individuals. Functionalism is the main theory that promotes the positive aspects of a family and reflects the positive contributions a family makes towards society by performing essential functions such as reproduction, primary socialisation and social control. There are also many theories that focus on the negative aspects of the family- the things that make family a bad function of society. However, it has to be said that all the theory’s are correct if read from the perspective that they are written in. Thus, although the family does have a ‘dark side’ and may not comply with all theorists, such as radical psychiatrists and radical feminists, they still manage to uphold the main functions, that is to reproduce, socialise with individuals and support their family members.

Racism1 essays

Racism1 essays The understanding of prejudice can lead to us removing of racism and discrimination in our country. Stereotyping, or forming a set of characteristics thought to be common to all members of a certain group, leads to prejudice influencing the observer to be part of a group rather than an individual. Traits that go against the stereotype that could bring an end to prejudices, are ignored. The diversity movement claims that its goal is to halt racism and build acceptance of differences. But, someone cannot teach students that their identity is determined by skin color and expect them to become colorblind. Someone cannot be exposed to multiculturalism and expect students to see each other as individual human beings. Someone cannot teach the need for self-esteem while destroying the staff that makes it possible. Basically, the diversity movement is a complete contradiction of itself, because after all is said and done, were back to where we started. ...

Timeline from 1820 to 1830

Timeline from 1820 to 1830 Decade By Decade: Timelines of the 1800s 1820: Harriet Tubman is believed to have been born about 1820. As was the case with many slaves, the date of her birth was thought unimportant and was not recorded.January 24, 1820: Henry J. Raymond, political activist, journalist, and founder of the New York Times, was born in Livingston County, New York.January 29, 1820: George IV became the King of England upon the death of George III.February 8, 1820: William Tecumseh Sherman, Union general in the Civil War, was born in Lancaster, Ohio.February 15, 1820: Susan B. Anthony, leader of the American suffrage movement, was born in Adams, Massachusetts.March 1820: The Missouri Compromise became law in the United States. The landmark legislation effectively pushed the issue of slavery aside for the next few decades.March 22, 1820: American naval hero Stephen Decatur was fatally wounded in a duel fought near Washington, D.C.May 12, 1820: Florence Nightingale, English nurse and reformer, was born in Italy.September 26, 1820: American frontiersma n Daniel Boone died in Missouri at the age of 85. He had pioneered the Wilderness Road, which led many settlers westward to Kentucky. October 6, 1820: Jenny Lind, whose American tour was a sensation promoted by Phineas T. Barnum in 1850, was born in Sweden.November 1820: James Monroe faced virtually no opposition and was reelected president of the United States. 1821: February 22, 1821: The Adams-Onis Treaty, by which the United States obtained Florida, went into effect.March 4, 1821: James Monroe was sworn in for his second term as president of the United States.May 5, 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte died in exile on the island of St. Helena.July 24, 1821: Bill Poole, who became notorious as Bill the Butcher, was born in New Jersey.September 3, 1821: A devastating hurricane struck New York City, and the study of its path would lead to the understanding of rotating storms.October 17, 1821: Photographer Alexander Gardner was born in Scotland. He would become noteworthy for photographing the dead at Antietam during the Civil War as well as taking notable portraits of President Abraham Lincoln.December 25, 1821: Clara Barton, Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross, was born in Oxford, Massachusetts.A childrens book published in New York City referred to a character named Santeclaus, which may have been the first printed reference to Santa Cla us in the English language. American traders began using the Santa Fe Trail. 1822: April 22, 1822: Ulysses S. Grant, Civil War general and later president of the United States, was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio.April 26, 1822: Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park, was born in Hartford, Connecticut.May 30, 1822: Arrests in Charleston, South Carolina, prevented a slave uprising which had been planned by Denmark Vesey.October 4, 1822: Rutherford B. Hayes, who would become president in the disputed election of 1876, was born in Delaware, Ohio.Charles Babbage designed the â€Å"difference engine,† an early computing machineHieroglyphs were deciphered using the Rosetta Stone.The first group of freed slaves being resettled in Africa by the American Colonization Society arrived in Liberia and founded the town of Monrovia, named for President James Monroe. 1823: April 3, 1823: William Marcy Boss Tweed, the leader of notorious New York political machine Tammany Hall, was born in New York City.December 23, 1823: The poem A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore was published in a newspaper in Troy, New York.December 1823: President James Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine as part of his annual message to Congress. 1824: January 21, 1824: Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, Confederate general in the Civil War, was born in Virginia.March 2, 1824: The landmark Supreme Court decision Gibbons v. Ogden ended a monopoly of steamboats in the waters around New York City. The case opened up the steamboat business to competition, which made great fortunes possible for entrepreneurs such as Cornelius Vanderbilt. But the case also established principles regarding interstate commerce which apply to the present day.May 23, 1824: Ambrose Burnside, Civil War general, was born in Indiana.August 14, 1824: The Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolution, returned to America for a grand tour. He had been invited by the federal government, which wanted to show off all the progress the nation had made in the 50 years since its founding. Over the course of a year Lafayette visited all 24 states as an honored guest.November 1824: The U.S. presidential election of 1824 was deadlocked with no clear winner and would become known as The Corrupt Bargain. With the controversial election of 1824, a period of American politics known as The Era of Good Feelings came to an end. 1825: February 9, 1825: The election of 1824 was settled by a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams as president. Supporters of Andrew Jackson claimed a Corrupt Bargain had been struck between Adams and Henry Clay.March 4, 1825: John Quincy Adams was inaugurated as president of the United States.October 26, 1825: The entire length of the Erie Canal was officially opened across New York, from Albany to Buffalo. The engineering feat had been the brainchild of DeWitt Clinton. 1826: January 30, 1826: The Menai Suspension Bridge opened in Wales, ushering in an age of great bridges.July 4, 1826: American songwriter Stephen Foster was born in Pennsylvania.July 4, 1826: John Adams died in Massachusetts and Thomas Jefferson died in Virginia, on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Their deaths left Charles Carroll of Carrollton as the last surviving singer of the nations founding document.December 3, 1826: George B. McClellan, Civil War general and commander of Union forces at the Battle of Antietam, was born in Philadelphia.Josiah Holbrook founded the American Lyceum Movement in Massachusetts.Irish immigrant John Hughes, future archbishop and political force in New York, was ordained a priest. 1827: March 26, 1827: Composer Ludwig van Beethoven died in Vienna, Austria, at the age of 56.August 12, 1827: English poet and artist William Blake died in London, England at the age of 69.Artist John James Audubon published the first volume of Birds of America. 1828: February 8, 1828: Writer Jules Verne was born in France.Summer-Fall 1828: The election of 1828  was preceded by perhaps the dirtiest campaign ever, with supporters of Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams hurling shocking accusations.November 1828: Andrew Jackson was elected president of the United States. 1829: March 4, 1829: Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as president of the United States, and raucous supporters nearly wreck the White House.Cornelius Vanderbilt began operating his own fleet of steamboats in New York Harbor.Religious freedom increased in Ireland, thanks to the Catholic Emancipation movement of Daniel O’ConnellThe Metropolitan Police Service was founded in London, England, with its headquarters at Scotland Yard. Decade By Decade: 1800-1810 | 1810-1820 | 1830-1840 | 1840-1850 | 1850-1860 | 1860-1870 | 1870-1880 | 1880-1890 | 1890-1900 | The Civil War Year By Year

Answer some questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer some questions - Assignment Example As a result, authentication, access control and auditing work together to establish network defense through the verification procedures, assigning roles to users and installing control mechanisms that curb errors and frauds. A breach of the CIA triad for a campus police department at a mid-sized private university will allow access of confidential information to third parties. This can lead to loss of data through modification, alteration and disclosure, leading to harmful risks to students and the institution’s database. As a result, hackers can obtain personal information of students and use them for illegal activities like cyber bullying, leaking of examination or tampering with the management information systems. Another breach is that criminals or hackers can access the police methods of tackling crime and use them to evade arrests. This is because new systems of operations are normally taught in the campus police departments. However, the potential problems of this new authentication system are that it can be stolen or lost easily, the system provider can face hacking or the cryptography can be cracked. This implies that the loss of the token can permit an authorized person to access the database. It is also apparent that hacking of the token can affect their security purposes, especially if the provider has not installed tight measures. OSI model portrays and standardizes the internal operations of a communication system. This occurs through the partitioning of the communication system into concealed details of the functionalities. The OSI model is essential for network security because it simplifies the communication between computers through internet connectivity in a secure manner (Ciampa 125). The various network investigation tools available online includes L0phcrack, Domain Dossier, John the Ripper and Dictionary attack. L0phcrack is a password recovery system that strengthens

Origin Enterprises plc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Origin Enterprises plc - Assignment Example The manufacturing and distribution operation of the agro nutrition division is based in the United Kingdom, Norway, Poland and the Ireland. There are many renowned items produced by the company. Some of those renowned products are crop nutrition, feed ingredients, marine proteins and oils and integrated agronomy services etc. which provides a leading edge in the competitive market. On the other side the food division of the company is categorized into four segments i.e. manufacturing, marketing, sales, and distribution which is primarily based on Ireland. Presently, the company is in leading position due to supply quality of foods across manufacturing sector, food service sector and the retail sector. Here the researcher tries to analyse the different aspects of the Origin Enterprise by analysing the annual report as well as the Director’s report. In this report, the researcher highlights the different social, ethical and environmental issues. The financial analysis is also in tegral part of this report. Review of Annual Report and Director’s Report General Overview of the Origin Enterprise Plc ... There are a number of food brands of Ireland, food services retail convenience segments, manufacturing sector and home baking that are related with the business network of the company. On the other side, the foods wing of Origin Enterprise plc is consisted with three food brands namely Roma, Odlums and Shamrock. There are two subsidiaries of the company i.e. R & H Hall Limited and Goulding Chemicals Limited. The sales revenue of the company decreased 11 % in 2012 comparing to that of in 2011. The segment wise analysis of the company shows that the sales revenue of Food business division is higher than the Agri-nutrition division. Target Market The Agri-Nutrition business is distributed through its manufacturing and distribution operation in Ireland, United Kingdom, Poland and Norway. The Food division activities are mainly based on Ireland and supplies the Italian food ingredients, home baking and convenience categories across the retails, food service and manufacturing sectors. Comp any generates 50.4% of the total revenue from the Ireland and 49.6% from rest of the world (Annual Report, 2012). Market Situation The present global crisis UK and downturn in the European market is affecting many of the businesses. The inflation rate is 3.7% down as compared to last year and the increase in unemployment rate of 7.9% changed the spending pattern of the customers. There Irish farming division is currently facing significant challenges. Firm’s incomes and purchasing power are under sustained pressure following a period of very low output prices and tightening of firm credit. As a result the sales and profit margin of the company got affected. Core Competitors Origin